9
1
9
download/literature/watchtower/1911-16.pdf
../literature/watchtower/1911/16/1911-16-1.html
JULY
'5,
1911
THE
WATCH
TOWER
.,
"
One
of
the
most
important
les.sons
for
the
spiritual
Is
raelite
to
learn
is
to
look
to
the
Lord
for
leading
in
all
of
life's
affairs-never
to
attempt
any
undertaking,
either
temporal
or
spiritual,
without
seeking
to
note
the
will
of
the
Lord
concerning
it.
We
are
marching
toward
the
anti
typical
Canaan
and
know
that
other
experiences
are
due
us
and
must
be
undergone
ere
we
can
inherit
the
promises.
The
lesson
for
us
is
prompt
anu
thorough
obedience
to
the
Loru's
leadings
without
murmurings-with
joyfulness;
anu
this
can
be
expectetl
only
on
the
part
of
those
who
have
learned
the
lessons
previously
given
them,
and
above
all,
the
lesson
of
faith-confiuence
in
the
Lon!
's
power
and
guodness
and
faithfulnesls.
BRITISH
VISITS
Hawick,
Scot
.....
Aug.
Edinburgh,
Scot
..
"
Kirkcaldy,
Scot
..
"
Dundee,
Scot
"
l~prth,
Scot
"
U
ddingston,
Scot.
"
Greenock,
Scot...
"
~lotherwell,
Scot.
"
Rothesay,
Scot...
"
Glasgow,
Scot
"
Ayr,
Scot
"
Barrow,
Eng.....
"
OF
BROTHER
FRANK
DRAPER
8,
9
Belfast,
Ire
Aug.
24,
2.-;
~,10
Dublin,
Ire
"
26,
27
11
Birkenhead,
Eng
..
"
2fl
12,
13
\Varrington,
Eng.
"
:;0
14
Macclesfield,
Eng.
"
:,
I
15
Altrinc
ham,
Eng
..
Sept.
1
16
Manchestf'r,
Eng
..
"
2,
17
Ol,lham,
Eng.
.
.
..
"
4,
ii
18
Poulton,
Eng....
'
,
G
19,
20
Preston,
Eng.
.
.
..
"
7
21
Barnoldswick,Eng.
,.
II
22
Liverpool,
Eng...
.,
9,
10
VOL.
XXXII
BROOKLYN,
N.
Y.,
AUGUST
1,
1911
No.
15
VIEWS
FROM
THE
WATCH
TOWER
"UNTO
THE
THIRD
AND
FOURTH
GENERATION"
Exodus
20:5;
34:7;
Numbers
14:18;
Deuteronomy
5:9.
RADICAL
CHANGE
IN
THE
VIEWS
OF
SCIENTISTS
CAUSED
was
found
that
both
tall
and
dwarf
plants
appeared
in
the
BY
MENDEL'S
EXPERIMENTS
offspring.
Each
individual
was
either
frankly
tall
or
frankly
"Why
is
it
that
a
man
of
genius
will
not
infrequently
be-
dwarf,
and
no
intermediate
appeared,
the
proportion
of
tall
to
come
the
father
or
grandfather
of
perfect
dunces
~
Why
do
dwarf
being
three
to
one.
The
following
year
seeu
from
the
a
fair-haired
husband
and
a
fair-haired
wife
sometimes
be-
dwarf
peas
gave
only
d"arfs;
seed
from
the
tall
gave
a
large
get
a
dark-haired
baby~
Why
are
there
such
differences
in
proportion
of
tall
and
a
few
dwarfs.
size,
appearance
or
intelligence
between
the
children
of
the
"In
the
following
year
tall
seell
hrought
forth
tall
plants
same,
identical
mates
~
only,
dwarf
seed
dwarf
plants
only.
The
reversion
to
the
"If
we
observe
the
so-called
'vagaries
of
Nature'
in
the
prototype
was.
complete.
In
the
p~'ocess,
however,
the
tall
plant
and
the
animal
world,
we
observe
that
the
dwarf
pea,
plant,.
the
dommant,
appeared
three
tunes
as
frequently
as
the
sprung'
from
tall
ancestors,
breeds
true
to
dwarfness;
that
the
rec~s,slve..
.
.
.
.
.
progeny
of
a
black
and
a
white
rabbit
are
in
one
case
all
The
expenment
was
tned
WIth
vanous
ammal.s,
!11~d
It
black
and
in
another
all
the
wild
gray
color;
that
two
white
was
found,
first,
that
after
seve.ral
generatlOns
the
mdlvldual
peas
heing
crossed
may
give
a
purple
flower;
that
two
hair-
reverted
to
the
pure
type
of
eIther
the
male
.01'
female
a.n-
less
plants
may
revert
to
the
hairy
form.
cestors,
and,
secondly,.
th.a~
one
type
was
domll~ant-that
IS,
"We
used
to
call
such
phenomena
'curious
reversions.'
pro~~ced
~any
more
mdlvlrlua.ls
tha.n
the
recesslV.e
type.
We
believed
first
that
through
slow
evolution
certain
char-
Crossmg
colored
and
w~lte
~lCe
prod~ce.d
m
the
long
acteristics
of
certain
types
had
either
become
over-developed
run
pure
colored
and
pure
wlll!e,
WIth
a
ma.lonty
o.f
colored;
or
obliterated
like
the
lizard's
third
eye
the
bat's
wings
the
the
Angora
fur
of
some
rahblts
was
founn
receSSlVe
to
the
tadpole's
tail.'
"
normal
short
fur;
the
rose
eomb
which
occurs
in
certain
breeds
"We
also
helieved
that
acquired
characteristics,
a
love
for
of
I:0ultry,
such
~s
Hamhurgs.
or
Wyandottes,
hehaves
as
a
lIlusic,
a
taste
for
strong
beverages,
would
be
transmitted
to
don;l,nant
t?
the
hIgh.
serrat.ed
smgle
comh
of
the
Leghort,ls.
all
of
one's
descendants.
Freaklsh
cases
m.
,:'hlch
one
of.
the
parents
was
III
a
"N
ow
come
the
Mendelian
experiments,
proving
apparent-
~arke~lly
abnormal
:ondl~lOn
were
cOIl~Hlerea.
.J~panpse
,,;altz-
ly
that
heredity
and
evolution
are
mere
dreams,
that
species
m~
mIce
w~re
crossed
WIth
~ormal
mH'e.
The
wal.tzers
are
are
immutable
and
that
Nature's
vagaries
are
merely
Nature
's
nnven
.to
cHcle
round
s?mebmes
for
hours
hy
a
pamful
mal-
logical
efforts
to
extricate
the
original
type
from
the
tangle
formab?n
of
the
lahynnth
of
the
e~r.
After
a
couple
of
of
cross-hreerls
due
to
man's
tampering.
generabon~
the
cro~ses
bred
true.
to
eIther.
the
normal
mouse
"E
h
ld
th
f
f
d
'
"
I'
k'
h
.
or
to
the
waltzer,
the
latter
IJPmg
receSSIve
to
the
former
.
.
vcn
s
ou
.
e
ar-
!1~e
mlssmg
m
s
ow
uP.
m
"Interesting
experiments
were
mane
to
ascertain
,,,hpther
~he
wl~ds
of
Oce~ma,
,,:here
It
IS
strongly
suspected
of
keepmg
crossing
increased
or
niminished
the
resistance
to
discase.
I\se;f
m
the
strlctcst
mcog:,
:v
e
would
n.o
longer
have
to
de-
"Some
varieties
of
wheat
are
susceptihle
to
the
attacks
p
0
,~;~r
descent
from
a
SImIan
ancestor.
.
of
a
fungus
that
causes
'rust,'
some
are
immunp.
When
e.
man
who
gave
a
concrete
form
to
such.
theor~es
was
'susceptible'
and
'immune'
were
crossed,
every
hyhrid
was
an
Austna~
m?nk
?y
the
na~e
of
Mendel,
bor~
m
.182~.
The
susceptihle
to
'rust.'
The
following
ypar
the
hvhrid
hecame
result
of
hIS
blOloglcal
expenme~ts
were
e~bodled
m.
a
modest
nifferentiated
the
'rusty'
and
'immu'De'
plants
'heing
in
the
p~per
read
hefore
the
natural
hIstory
SOCIety
of
a
lIttle
Aus-
apparently
u~iversal
ratio
of
three
to
one.
~nan
town,
Brunn,.
He
als~
wrote
a
few
letters
on
the
sub-
"We
"have
then
the
explanation
of
facts
which
Darwin
Jec~,
to
the
hotamst
NaegelI.
.
refused
to
ron~ider
~s
very
important.
He
Iwld
that'
freakish
.
U:nfortunat~ly;
pamp~let
and
letters.
,,:pre
wntt~n
at
a
variations'
in
the
production
of
species
would
rapi(lly
hecome
bme
"hen
Da;wln,
s
theones,
as
to
the
ongm
of
speCIes,
had
swamped
hy
intercrossing
with
the
normal
form.
He
con-
hecome
the
sClenbfic
fad
of
.the
day.
An,d
w~hat
chan.ce
h.ad
side
red
that
species
had
he
en
and
,ycre
lleing
huilt
up
hy
the
tfe
.
mon;st
old
monk
of
belllg
even
nobced.
He
rhed
m-
process
of
natural
selection.
As
a
matter
of
fad,
no
species
g
or}~us
III
1~84.
.
.
is
heing
built
up,
ann
neviations
from
thp
prototype
are
cor-
.
~
ot
1l;nhl
a
~ew
'y:~rs
ago
dId
R..
C.
Punnett,
an
EnglIs?
rected
in
the
course
of
three
genprn
tions.
sClenbst
WIth
an
:nqUlslbve
turn
of
mmd,
look
over
Me;nd~l
s
"Before
experiments
can
he
maoe
Oil
human
heings
the
records
of
expPl'lmen.ts.
So
appalled.
wa~
he
by
theIr
Im-
Mendelian
discovery
can
hf'
applipn
practically
to
the
im-
portance.
tha,t
he
publrshpd
a
hook)
chnstemng
the
new
theory
provement
of
animal
hrep(ls.
We
know
for
sure
that
in
most
M~~delIsm.
.
.
.
.
cases
a
cross
means
greatly
increased
vi;..('or
for
the
progpny.
The
world
lent
an
Ill?lfferent
~ar
to
the
ne~
leI~mobve;
Breeders,
however,
are
very
shy
ill
making
crosseR
for
fear
hut
l?y
and
by
the
En~lIsl.lman
dmned
MendelIsm
mto
the
of
hreaking
up
and
losing
the
nesirahle
romhination
of
char-
conSClOusness
of
the
sClenbfic
world.
At
the
present
day
acters
found
in
the
oriO'inal
strains.
there
is
a
;lig
En~lish,
magazine
nevoted
to
the
new
science
"Mendel's
discovery
may
rpassure
tlll'm
on
this
point.
and
callpn
MendplIsm.
In
thrpe
genprations
hreeders
can
reprocluce
the
parental
types
"Let
us
now
turn
to
Mendel's
own
account
of
his
exppri-
with
all
the
increased
,igor
resulting
from
a
cross.
We
must
ments
on
plants
and
on
animals.
In
one
series
of
experiments
also
revise
our
ronception
of
a
'purp
hreen.'
Until
recently
he
concentratpd
his
attention
on
the
height
of
certain
plants.
we
said
that
the
criterion
hy
whirh
we
rouW
junge
the
purity
He
first
made
rrosses
between
giant
peas
and
dwarf
peas.
It
of
hreed
was
the
perligree
of
the
indiYidual.
Tooay
we
know
mattered.
not
which
.was
the
pollen-producing
and
which
the
that
a
plant
or
an
animal
can
he
pure
hreed,
not
only
owing
seed-hearmg
I!1ant;
m
all
cases
tall
peas
resulted
from
the
to
its
ancestry,
hut
in
spitE'
of
its
anrestry.
cross.
For
thIS
reason
Mendel
raIled
the
tall
pea
'dominant,'
"Where
the
prohlpm
hpcomes
fnsrinating,
however,
is
where
and
the
dwarf
'rece~sive.'
it
touches
the
mooted
question
of
heredity,
and
here
again
it
"The
next
step
was
to
collect
seeds
of
the
new
plant
and
upsets
ahsolutely
our
previous
notions.
Man
being
the
slowest
to
sow
them
in
the
following
year.
When
this
was
done
it
hreeding-
animal,
observations
are
difficult,
and
only
imperfect
[4859]
THE JuLy 15, 1911 One of the most important lessons for the spiritual Is WATCH TOIVER (223-227) BRITISH VISITS OF BROTHER FRANK DRAPER raelite to learn is to look to the Lord for leading in all Hawiek, Scot.....Aug. 8, 9 Belfast, Ire...... Aug. 24, 25 of life’s affairs—never to attempt any undertaking, either Edinburgh, Seot.. ‘* 9,10 Dublin, Irc...... «¢ 26, 27 temporal or spiritual, without seeking to note the will of Kirkealdy, Scot.. ‘‘ 11 Birkenhead, Eng.. ‘‘ 29 the Lord concerning it. We are marching toward the anti- Dundee, Scot..... ‘* 12,13 Warrington, Eng. “ 30 typical Canaan and know that other experiences are due Perth, Scot...... ee 14 Macclesfield, Eng. ‘‘ 3i us and must be undergone ere we can inherit the promises. Uddingston, Seot. ‘‘ 15 Altrincham, Eng..Sept. 1 The lesson for us is prompt and thorough obedience to the Greenock, Scot... ‘ 16 Manchester, Eng.. ‘6 2, 3 Lord’s leadings without murmurings—with joyfulness; and Motherwell, Seot. ‘ 17 Oldham, Eng..... fe 4,008 this can be expected only on the part of those who have Rothesay, Scot... ‘‘ 18 Poulton, Eng.... ‘ 6 learned the lessons previously given them, and above all, Glasgow, Scot.... ‘ 19, 20 Preston, Eng..... “e 7 the lesson of faith—confidence in the Lord’s power and Ayr, Scot........ “e 21 Barnoldswick,Eng. ‘* 8 goodness and faithfulness. Barrow, Eng..... ee 22 Liverpool, Eng... ‘‘ 9, 10 Vou. XXXII BROOKLYN, N. Y., AUGUST 1, 1911 No. 15 VIEWS FROM THE WATCH TOWER “UNTO THE THIRD AND FOURTH GENERATION’’ Exodus 20:5; 34:7; Numbers 14:18; Deuteronomy 5:9. RADICAL CHANGE IN THE VIEWS OF SCIENTISTS CAUSED BY MENDEL’S EXPERIMENTS ‘“Why is it that a man of genius will not infrequently become the father or grandfather of perfect dunces? Why do a fair-haired husband and a fair-haired wife sometimes beget a dark-haired baby? Why are there such differences in size, appearance or intelligence between the children of the same, identical mates? “Tf we observe the so-called ‘vagaries of Nature’ in the plant and the animal world, we observe that the dwarf pea, sprung from tall ancestors, breeds true to dwarfness; that the progeny of a black and a white rabbit are in one case all black and in another all the wild gray color; that two white peas being crossed may give a purple flower; that two hairless plants may revert to the hairy form. ‘‘We used to call such phenomena ‘curious reversions.’ We believed first that through slow evolution certain characteristics of certain types had either become over-developed or obliterated, like the lizard’s third eye, the bat’s wings, the tadpole’s tail. “*We also believed that acquired characteristics, a love for music, a taste for strong beverages, would be transmitted to all of one’s descendants, ‘‘Now come the Mendelian experiments, proving apparently that heredity and evolution are mere dreams, that species are immutable and that Nature’s vagaries are merely Nature’s logical efforts to extricate the original type from the tangle of cross-breeds due to man’s tampering. ‘‘Hven should the far-famed ‘missing link’ show up in the wilds of Oceania, where it is strongly suspected of keeping itself in the strictest incog., we would no longer have to deplore our descent from a simian ancestor. “‘The man who gave a concrete form to such theories was an Austrian monk by the name of Mendel, born in 1822. The result of his biological experiments were embodied in a modest paper read hefore the natural history society of a little Austrian town, Brunn. He also wrote a few letters on the subject to the botanist Naegeli. “*Unfortunately, pamphlet and letters were written at a time when Darwin’s theories, as to the origin of species, had become the scientific fad of the day. And what chance had the modest old monk of being even noticed? He died inglorious in 1884, “‘Not until a few years ago did R. C. Punnett, an English scientist with an inquisitive turn of mind, look over Mendel’s records of experiments. So appalled was he by their importance that he published a book, christening the new theory ‘Mendelism.’ ‘*The world lent an indifferent ear to the new leitmotive; but by and by the Englishman dinned Mendelism into the consciousness of the scientific world. At the present day there is a big English magazine devoted to the new science and called ‘Mendelism.’ ‘*Let us now turn to Mendel’s own account of his experiments on plants and on animals. In one series of experiments he concentrated his attention on the height of certain plants. He first made crosses between giant peas and dwarf peas. It mattered not which was the pollen-producing and which the seed-bearing plant; in all cases tall peas resulted from the eross. For this reason Mendel called the tall pea ‘dominant,’ and the dwarf ‘recessive.’ “*The next step was to collect seeds of the new plant and to sow them in the following year. When this was done it was found that both tall and dwarf plants appeared in the offspring. Each individual was either frankly tall or frankly dwarf, and no intermediate appeared, the proportion of tall to dwarf being three to one. The following year seed from the dwarf peas gave only dwarfs; seed from the tall gave a large proportion of tall and a few dwarfs. ‘Tn the following year tall seed brought forth tall plants only, dwarf seed dwarf plants only. The reversion to the prototype was complete. In the process, however, the tall plant, the dominant, appeared three times as frequently as the recessive. ‘‘The experiment was tried with various animals, and it was found, first, that after several generations the individual reverted to the pure type of either the male or female ancestors, and, secondly, that one type was dominant—that is, produced many more individuals than the recessive type. ‘*Crossing colored and white mice produced in the long run pure colored and pure white, with a majority of colored; the Angora fur of some rabbits was found recessive to the normal short fur; the rose comb which occurs in certain breeds of poultry, such as Hamburgs or Wyandottes, hehaves as a dominant to the high serrated single comb of the Leghorns. ‘“Freakish cases in whieh one of the parents was in a markedly abnormal condition were considered, Japanese waltzing mice were crossed with normal mice. The ‘waltzers’ are driven to circle round sometimes for hours by a painful malformation of the labyrinth of the ear. After a couple of generations the crosses bred true to either the normal] mouse or to the ‘waltzer,’ the latter being recessive to the former. ‘Interesting experiments were made to ascertain whether crossing increased or diminished the resistance to disease. ‘“Some varietics of wheat are susceptible to the attacks of a fungus that causes ‘rust,’ some are immune. When ‘susceptible’ and ‘immune’ were crossed, every hybrid was susceptible to ‘rust.’ The following year the hyhrid hecame differentiated, the ‘rusty’ and ‘immune’ plants being in the apparently universal ratio of three to one. ‘We have, then, the explanation of facets which Darwin refused to consider as very important. He held that ‘freakish variations’ in the production of species would rapidly heeome swamped hy intererossing with the normal form. He considered that species had heen and were heing built up by the process of natural scleetion. As a mattcr of fact, no species is being built up, and deviations from the prototype are corrected in the course of three gencrations. “Before experiments can he made on human beings the Mendelian discovery can be applied practically to the improvement of animal brecds. We know for sure that in most cases a cross means greatly increased vigor for the progeny. Breeders, however, are very shy in making crosses for fear of breaking up and losing the desirable combination of charaeters found in the original strains. ““Mendel’s discovery may reassure them on this point. In three generations hreeders can reproduce the parental types with all the increased vigor resulting from a cross. We must also revise our conception of a ‘pure breed.’ Until recently we said that the criterion by which we could judge the purity of breed was the pedigree of the individual. Today we know that a plant or an animal can be pure breed, not only owing to its ancestry, but in spite of its ancestry. ‘* Where the problem hecomes fascinating, however, is where it touches the mooted question of heredity, and here again it upsets absolutely our previous notions. Man being the slowest breeding animal, observations are difficult, and only imperfect [4859]
To enhance your experience on our website, we use cookies and similar technologies. Some cookies are essential for the core functionality of our site and cannot be declined. You can choose to accept or decline additional cookies. We want to assure you that none of this data will be sold or used for marketing purposes. You can adjust your preferences at any time by accessing the Privacy Settings from the footer of the page. For more information, please refer to our
Privacy Policy
Terms of Use
.
